• [2001]

  Nezih Guner, Yuliya Kulikova, Arnau Valladares-Esteban

  Does the Added Worker Effect Matter?

  Abstract

  The added worker effect (AWE) measures the entry of individuals into the labor force due to their partners' job loss. We propose a new method to calculate the AWE, which allows us to estimate its effect on any labor market outcome. We show that the AWE reduces the fraction of households with two non-employed members. The AWE also accounts for why women's employment is less cyclical and more symmetric compared to men. In recessions, while some women lose their employment, others enter the labor market and nd jobs. This keeps the female employment relatively stable.




• [2002]

  Dante Amengual, Xinyue Bei, Enrique Sentana

  Hypothesis Tests with a Repeatedly Singular Information Matrix

  Abstract

  We study score-type tests in likelihood contexts in which the nullity of the information matrix under the null is larger than one, thereby generalizing earlier results in the literature. Examples include multivariate skew normal distributions, Hermite expansions of Gaussian copulas, purely non-linear predictive regressions, multiplicative seasonal time series models and multivariate regression models with selectivity. Our proposal, which involves higher order derivatives, is asymptotically equivalent to the likelihood ratio but only requires estimation under the null. We conduct extensive Monte Carlo exercises that study the finite sample size and power properties of our proposal and compare it to alternative approaches.




• [2003]

  Yarine Fawaz, Pedro Mira

  Social isolation, health dynamics, and mortality: Evidence across 21 Europe countries

  Abstract

  We provide a comprehensive picture of the health effects of social isolation using longitudinal data over 21 European countries (SHARE) and seven waves (14 years) : first by looking at how social isolation at baseline impacts mortality at follow-up using Cox duration models, then looking at the dynamics of the health effects of social isolation, i.e. how social isolation at baseline affects functional, physical, mental and cognitive health at each future wave, when controlling for all these facets of health at baseline along with an extensive set of other covariates, in a standard linear regression framework. Our results suggest social isolation leads to worse health along all the dimensions we observe, and this effect is persistent. Being socially isolated at baseline is associated with a 20 to 30% increase in the mortality hazard, in line with other studies. Allowing for heterogeneity across countries, we find a remarkably strong association (up to a 45% increase) in Eastern countries. This association is not just picking up a correlation of social isolation with concurrent loneliness, health behaviors or health care utilization.




• [2004]

  Dante Amengual, Enrique Sentana, Zhanyuan Tian

  Gaussian Rank Correlation and Regression

  Abstract

  We study the statistical properties of Pearson correlation coefficients of Gaussian ranks, and Gaussian rank regressions - OLS applied to those ranks. We show that these procedures are fully efficient when the true copula is Gaussian and the margins are non-parametrically estimated, and remain consistent for their population analogues otherwise. We compare them to Spearman and Pearson correlations and their regression counterparts theoretically and in extensive Monte Carlo simulations. Empirical applications to migration and growth across US states, the augmented Solow growth model, and momentum and reversal effects in individual stock returns confi?rm that Gaussian rank procedures are insensitive to outliers.




• [2005]

  Jan R. Magnus, Henk G. J. Pijls, Enrique Sentana

  The Jacobian of the Exponential Function

  Abstract

  We derive closed-form expressions for the Jacobian of the matrix exponential function for both diagonalizable and defective matrices. The results are applied to two cases of interest in macroeconometrics: a continuous-time macro model and the parametrization of rotation matrices governing impulse response functions in structural vector autoregressions.




• [2006]

  Caterina Mendicino, Kalin Nikolov, Juan Rubio-Ramirez, Javier Suarez, Dominik Supera

  Twin Default Crises

  Abstract

  We study the interaction between borrowers' and banks' solvency in a quantitative macroeconomic model with financial frictions in which bank assets are a portfolio of defaultable loans. We show that ex-ante imperfect diversification of bank lending generates bank asset returns with limited upside but significant downside risk. The asymmetric distribution of these returns and their implications for the evolution of bank net worth are important for capturing the frequency and severity of twin default crises - simultaneous rises in firm and bank defaults associated with sizeable negative effects on economic activity. As a result, our model implies higher optimal capital requirements than common specifications of bank asset returns, which neglect or underestimate the impact of borrower default on bank solvency.




• [2007]

  Nezih Guner, Javier López-Segovia, Roberto Ramos

  Reforming the Individual Income Tax in Spain

  Abstract

  We study how much revenue can be generated by more progressive personal income taxes in Spain. We build a life-cycle economy with uninsurable labor productivity risk and endogenous labor supply. Individuals face progressive taxes on labor and capital incomes and proportional taxes that capture social security, corporate income, and consumption taxes. An increase (decrease) in labor income taxes for individuals who earn more (less) than the mean labor income generates a small additional revenue. The revenue from labor income taxes is maximized at an eective marginal tax rate of 51.6% (38.9%) for the richest 1% (5%) of individuals, versus 46.3% (34.7%) in the benchmark economy. The additional revenue from labor income taxes is only 0.82% higher, while the total tax revenue declines by 1.55%. The total tax revenue is higher if marginal taxes are raised only for the top earners. The increase, however, must be substantial and cover a large segment of top earners. The new tax collection from a 3 percentage points increase on the top 1% is just 0.09%. A 10 percentage points increase on the top 10% of earners (those who earn more than e41,699) raises the total taxes by 2.81%.




• [2008]

  Claudio Ferraz, Federico Finan, Monica Martinez-Bravo

  Political Power, Elite Control, and Long-Run Development: Evidence from Brazil

  Abstract

  This paper analyzes how changes in the concentration of political power affect long-run development. We study Brazil’s military dictatorship whose rise to power dramatically altered the distribution of power of local political elites. We document that municipalities that were more politically concentrated prior to the dictatorship in the 1960s are relatively richer in 2000, despite being poorer initially. Our evidence suggests that this reversal of fortune was the result of the military’s policies aimed at undermining the power of traditional elites. These policies increased political competition locally, which ultimately led to better governance, more provision of public goods, and higher income levels.




• [2009]

  Vanessa Alviarez, Keith Head, Thierry Mayer

  Global Giants and Local Stars: How Changes in Brand Ownership Affect Competition

  Abstract

  We assess the consequences for consumers in 76 countries of multinational acquisitions in beer and spirits. Outcomes depend on how changes in ownership affect markups versus efficiency. We find that owner fixed effects contribute very little to the performance of brands. On average, foreign ownership tends to raise costs and lower appeal. Using the estimated model, we simulate the consequences of counterfactual national merger regulation. The US beer price index would have been 4–7% higher without divestitures. Up to 30% savings could have been obtained in Latin America by emulating the pro-competition policies of the US and EU.




• [2010]

  Susanto Basu, Luigi Pascali, Fabio Schiantarelli, Luis Serven

  Productivity and the Welfare of Nations

  Abstract

  We show that the welfare of a country's infinitely-lived representative consumer is summarized, to a first order, by total factor productivity (TFP), appropriately defined, and by the capital stock per capita. The result holds for both closed and open economies, regardless of the type of production technology and the degree of product market competition. Welfare-relevant TFP needs to be constructed with prices and quantities as perceived by consumers, not firms. Thus, factor shares need to be calculated using after-tax wages and rental rates. We use these results to calculate welfare gaps and growth rates in a sample of advanced countries with high-quality data on output, hours worked, and capital. We also present evidence for a broader sample that includes both advanced and developing countries.




• [2011]

  Matilde Bombardini, Keith Head, Maria D. Tito, Ruoying Wang

  How the Breadth and Depth of Import Relationships Affect the Performance of Canadian Manufactures




• [2012]

  Jerôme Adda, Yarine Fawaz

  The Health Toll of Import Competition

  Abstract

  This paper assesses the effect of import competition on the labor market and health outcomes of US workers. We first show that import shocks affect employment and income, but only in areas where jobs are more intense in routine tasks. Exploiting over 40 million individual observations on health and mortality, we find that import had a detrimental effect on physical and mental health that is concentrated in those areas and exhibits strong persistence. It decreased health care utilisation and increased hospitalisation for a large set of conditions, more difficult to treat. The mortality hazard of workers in manufacturing increased by up to 6 percent per billion dollar import increase.




• [2013]

  Gilles Duranton, Diego Puga

  Urban Growth and its Aggreate Implications

  Abstract

  We develop an urban growth model where human capital spillovers foster entrepreneurship and learning in heterogenous cities. Incumbent residents limit city expansion through planning regulations so that commuting and housing costs do not outweigh productivity gains. The model builds on strong microfoundations, matches key regularities at the city and economywide levels, and generates novel predictions for which we provide evidence. It can be quantified relying on few parameters, provides a basis to estimate the main ones, and remains transparent regarding its mechanisms. We examine various counterfactuals to assess quantitatively the effect of cities on economic growth and aggregate income.




• [2014]

  Victor Aguirregabiria, Jiaying Gu, Yao Luo, Pedro Mira

  A Dynamic Structural Model of Virus Diffusion and Network Production: A First Report

  Abstract

  This paper presents a dynamic structural model to evaluate economic and public health effects of the difusion of COVID-19, as well as the impact of factual and counterfactual public policies. Our framework combines a SIR epidemiological model of virus difusion with a structural game of network production and social interactions. The economy comprises three types of geographic locations: homes, workplaces, and consumption places. Each individual has her own set of locations where she develops her life. The combination of these sets for all the individuals determines the economy's production and social network. Every day, individuals choose to work and consume either outside (with physical interaction with other people) or remotely (from home, without physical interactions). Working (and consuming) outside is more productive and generates stronger complementarities (positive externality). However, in the presence of a virus, working outside facilitates infection and the diffusion of the virus (negative externality). Individuals are forward-looking. We characterize an equilibrium of the dynamic network game and present an algorithm for its computation. We describe the estimation of the parameters of the model combining several sources of data on COVID-19 in Ontario, Canada: daily epidemiological data; hourly electricity consumption data; and daily cell phone data on individuals' mobility. We use the model to evaluate the health and economic impact of several counterfactual public policies: subsidies for working at home; testing policies; herd immunity; and changes in the network structure. These policies generate substantial differences in the propagation of the virus and its economic impact.




• [2015]

  Gilles Duranton, Diego Puga

  The Economics of Urban Density

  Abstract

  Urban density boosts productivity and innovation, improves access to goods and services, reduces typical travel distances, encourages energy-efficient construction and transport, and facilitates sharing scarce amenities. However, density is also synonymous with crowding, makes living and moving in cities more costly, and concentrates exposure to pollution and disease. We explore the appropriate measurement of density and describe how it is both a cause and a consequence of the evolution of cities. We then discuss whether and how policy should target density and why the trade-off between its pros and cons is unhappily resolved by market and political forces.




• [2016]

  Jan R. Magnus, Enrique Sentana

  Zero-Diagonality as a Linear Structure

  Abstract

  A linear structure is a family of matrices that satisfy a given set of linear restrictions, such as symmetry or diagonality. We add to the literature on linear structures by studying the family of matrices where all diagonal elements are zero, and discuss two econometric examples where these results can be fruitfully applied.

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